滥用处方药

• Opioids: 通常用于治疗疼痛
• 中枢神经系统抑制剂: 用于治疗焦虑(包括镇定剂、镇静剂和催眠药)
• 兴奋剂: 最常用于治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)

Opioids are often used as medicines because they contain chemicals that relax the 并能缓解身体疼痛. 处方阿片类药物主要用于治疗中度 虽然一些阿片类药物可以用来治疗咳嗽和腹泻，但它可以缓解剧烈的疼痛. Opioids can also make people feel very relaxed and "high" - which is why they are sometimes 用于非医疗原因. 这可能是危险的，因为阿片类药物可能高度 上瘾、过量和死亡很常见. 海洛因是世界上最危险的毒品之一 阿片类药物，在美国从未被用作药物.

常见的处方阿片类药物有哪些?

• 氢可酮(维柯丁^®羟考酮(奥施康定^®,止疼药^®)
• 羟吗啡酮(Opana^®)
• 吗啡(Kadian^®, Avinza^®)
• codeine
• fentanyl

处方阿片类药物对大脑和身体可能有哪些影响?

In the short term, opioids can relieve pain and make people feel relaxed and happy. 然而，阿片类药物也会产生有害影响，包括:

• 睡意
• confusion
• nausea
• 便秘
• euphoria
• 放慢呼吸

Opioid misuse can cause 放慢呼吸, which can cause hypoxia, a condition that 结果是到达大脑的氧气太少. 缺氧可有短期和长期之分 psychological and neurological effects, including coma, permanent brain damage, or death. 研究人员也在调查阿片类药物成瘾的长期影响 对大脑的影响，包括损伤是否可以逆转.

阿片类药物对健康的其他影响是什么?

Older adults are at higher risk of accidental misuse or abuse because they typically have multiple prescriptions and chronic diseases, increasing the risk of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, as well as a slowed metabolism that affects the breakdown of drugs. 共用毒品注射器具，对毒品判断能力受损的 use can increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV and from 无保护措施的性行为.

一个人会过量服用处方阿片类药物吗?

是的，一个人可以过量服用处方阿片类药物. 阿片类药物过量发生在 一个人使用足够的药物会产生危及生命的症状或死亡. When 过量服用阿片类药物的人，呼吸通常会减慢或停止. This can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, which can result in coma, 永久性脑损伤或死亡.

如何治疗阿片类药物过量?

If you suspect someone has overdosed, the most important step to take is to call 911 这样他或她就能立即得到医疗照顾. 一旦医务人员到达 他们会给你纳洛酮. 纳洛酮是一种可以治疗阿片类药物过量的药物 当立即给予时. 它的工作原理是迅速与阿片受体结合并阻断 阿片类药物的作用.

使用处方阿片类药物会导致成瘾吗?

Yes, repeated misuse of prescription opioids can lead to a 物质使用障碍 (SUD), a medical illness which ranges from mild to severe and from temporary to chronic. 成瘾是SUD最严重的形式. 当持续滥用时，就会出现SUD of the drug changes the brain and causes health problems and failure to meet responsibilities 在工作、学校或家里.

People addicted to an opioid medication who stop using the drug can have severe 撤军 症状早在最后一次服药后几个小时就开始了. 这些症状 include:

• 肌肉和骨骼疼痛
• 睡眠问题
• 腹泻和呕吐
• 寒潮和鸡皮疙瘩
• 无法控制的腿部动作
• 严重的欲望

这些症状 can be extremely uncomfortable and are the reason many people find 停止使用阿片类药物太难了. 

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, 和安眠药. 这些药物可以减缓大脑活动，使它们对治疗有用 焦虑、恐慌、急性应激反应和睡眠障碍.

CNS depressants cause 睡意; sedatives are often prescribed to treat sleep disorders like insomnia 和安眠药 can induce sleep, whereas tranquilizers are prescribed 治疗焦虑或缓解肌肉痉挛.

CNS抑制剂的例子

• 安定(安定^®)
• 氯硝西泮(Klonopin^®)
• 阿普唑仑(阿普唑仑^®)
• 三唑仑(酣乐欣^®)
• 艾司唑仑(Prosom^®)
• 唑吡坦(安必恩^®)
• eszopiclone(失眠药Lunesta^®)
• zaleplon(奏鸣曲^®)

中枢神经系统抑制剂如何影响大脑?

大多数中枢神经系统抑制剂通过增加大脑的活动来作用于大脑 γ-氨基丁酸 GABA是一种抑制大脑活动的化学物质. 这个动作会使人昏昏欲睡 calming effects that make the medicine effective for anxiety and sleep disorders. People who start taking CNS depressants usually feel sleepy and uncoordinated for 最初的几天直到身体适应这些副作用. 其他影响 使用和误用包括:

• 口齿不清
• 注意力不集中
• confusion
• headache
• 头晕
• dizziness
• 口干
• 运动和记忆问题
• 降低血压
• 放慢呼吸

If a person takes CNS depressants long term, he or she might need larger doses to 达到治疗效果. 继续使用也会导致依赖和戒断 突然减少或停止使用. 突然停止也会导致伤害 癫痫发作等后果.

一个人会过量服用中枢神经系统抑制剂吗?

是的，一个人可能会过量服用中枢神经系统抑制剂. 过量服用发生在人 使用足够的药物产生危及生命的症状或死亡.

当人们过量服用中枢神经系统抑制剂时，他们的呼吸通常会减慢或停止. This can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, a condition called hypoxia. 缺氧可有短期和长期之分 mental effects and effects on the nervous system, 包括昏迷和永久性脑损伤.

如何治疗中枢神经系统抑制剂过量?

The most important step to take is to call 911 so a person who has overdosed can receive 立即就医. Flumazenil (Romazicon^®) is a medication that medical personnel can use to treat benzodiazepine overdose 它也被证明对治疗过量服用睡眠药物有效. The drug might not completely reverse 放慢呼吸 and can lead to seizures in some patients 谁在服用某种抗抑郁药. 氟马西尼是短效的，病人 可能需要每隔20分钟注射一次，直到他或她恢复. 对于巴比妥酸盐和 nonbenzodiazepines, body temperature, pulse, breathing, and blood pressure should 在等待药物消除的同时进行监测.

Can prescription CNS depressant use lead to addiction and 物质使用障碍?

Yes, use or misuse of prescription CNS depressants can lead to problem use, known as a 物质使用障碍(SUD)在严重的情况下会以上瘾的形式出现. 长期使用处方 CNS depressants, even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause some people to develop a tolerance, which means that they need higher and/or more frequent doses of the drug 得到想要的效果. 当持续使用药物导致 negative consequences such as health problems or failure to meet responsibilities 在工作、学校或家里，但尽管如此，吸毒仍在继续.

Those who have become addicted to a prescription CNS depressant and stop using the 药物可能突然停药. 戒断症状可以从 早在最后一次服药后的几个小时，包括:

• seizures
• 颤抖
• anxiety
• 搅动
• insomnia
• 过于活跃的反应
• 心跳加快，血压升高，出汗时体温升高
• 幻觉
• 严重的欲望

People addicted to prescription CNS depressants should not attempt to stop taking 他们靠自己. 这些药物的戒断症状可能很严重，在这种情况下 某些药物——可能危及生命.

Prescription stimulants are medicines generally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity 多动症(ADHD)和嗜睡症——无法控制的深度睡眠发作. 他们增加 警觉性、注意力和精力.

常见的处方兴奋剂有哪些?

• 右旋安非他命(中枢神经刺激剂^®)
• 右旋安非他明/安非他明复合产品(阿得拉)^®)
• 哌醋甲酯(利他林^®、Concerta^®).

处方兴奋剂是如何影响大脑和身体的?

处方兴奋剂会增加大脑化学物质的活性 dopamine and 去甲肾上腺素. 多巴胺参与奖励行为的强化. 去甲肾上腺素 affects blood vessels, blood pressure and heart rate, blood sugar, and breathing.

短期效应

People who use prescription stimulants report feeling a "rush" (euphoria) along with 以下几点:

• 血压和心率升高
• 增加呼吸
• 血流减少
• 血糖升高
• 打开呼吸通道

At high doses, prescription stimulants can lead to a dangerously high body temperature, 心律不齐，心力衰竭和癫痫.

处方兴奋剂对健康的其他影响是什么?

Repeated misuse of prescription stimulants, even within a short period, can cause 精神病、愤怒或偏执. 如果药物是注射的，注意这一点很重要 sharing drug injection equipment and having impaired judgment from drug misuse can 增加感染艾滋病毒和肝炎等传染病的风险.

一个人可以过量服用处方兴奋剂吗?

是的，一个人可以过量服用处方兴奋剂. 过量服用发生在 人使用足够的药物产生危及生命的反应或死亡.

When people overdose on a prescription stimulant, they most commonly experience several different symptoms, including restlessness, tremors, 过于活跃的反应, rapid breathing, confusion, aggression, 幻觉, panic states, abnormally increased fever, muscle 疼痛和虚弱.

They also may have heart problems, including an irregular heartbeat leading to a heart attack, nerve problems that can lead to a seizure, abnormally high or low blood pressure, 循环衰竭. 胃部问题可能包括恶心、呕吐、腹泻和 腹部绞痛. 此外，过量服用会导致抽搐、昏迷和致命 poisoning.

如何治疗处方兴奋剂过量?

Because prescription stimulant overdose often leads to a heart attack or seizure, the most important step to take is to call 911 so a person who has overdosed can receive 立即就医. 急救人员和急诊室医生试图治疗 the overdose with the intent of restoring blood flow to the heart and stopping the 癫痫发作时要小心，必要时要服用药物.

处方兴奋剂的使用会导致物质使用障碍和成瘾吗?

是的，滥用处方兴奋剂会导致 物质使用障碍 (SUD)，在严重的情况下以成瘾的形式出现. 长期使用兴奋剂; even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause a person to develop a tolerance, which means that he or she needs higher and/or more frequent doses of the drug to get the desired effects. 当持续使用药物引起健康等问题时，就会出现SUD 在工作、学校或家庭中出现问题和未能履行责任. 担忧 应与卫生保健提供者讨论使用.

If a person develops an SUD and stops use of the prescription stimulant, he or she 可以体验 撤军. 戒断症状包括:

• fatigue
• 抑郁症
• 睡眠问题